Researchers at the University of Warsaw's Faculty of Physics have developed a new, highly efficient technique that makes quantum information trans­mission dozens of times faster. The results of the research may in the near future contribute to the development of superfast quantum Internet connections. “To effi­ciently load single photons into quantum information processing devices, they must have specific properties: the right central wavelength or frequency, a suitable duration, and the right spectrum”, explains Michał Karpinski, head of the Quantum Photonics Labora­tory at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Warsaw.

Researchers around the globe are building prototypes of quantum computers using a variety of techniques, including: trapped ions, quantum dots, super­conducting electric circuits, and ultracold atomic clouds. These quantum information processing platforms operate on a variety of time scales: from picoseconds through nanoseconds to even microseconds. In order to connect such devices together to create a quantum network, an interface is needed to change the characteristics of transmitted single photons. A first prototype of such a converter was already presented by the researchers back in 2016. “The device presented there allowed for a six-fold change in the duration of a single-photon pulse, with an effi­ciency of more than 30 percent,” Michal Karpinski says.

He adds that the technique his team used at the time – simple electro-optic modulation – has technical limi­tations that allow for a maximal ten-fold change in the pulse duration. “Now, we present a converter that allows for up to a 200-fold change in the pulse duration, with an efficiency of 25 percent. This means that the resulting quantum Internet link could operate up to 50 times faster,” Karpinski says. The critical element of the new technique is a time lens. “A classical spatial lens, the kind we are normally familiar with, changes the size of a beam of light, either focusing it or diverging it. For example, light can be focused by using a convex lens – one in which the thickness of the lens’ glass decreases with increasing distance from its center. By a similar principle, a time lens can either shorten or lengthen light pulses, but here the effective optical thickness of the glass changes in time, not in space,” explains Filip Sosnicki of the Quantum Photonics Laboratory.

“To focus a wide beam of light using a spatial lens, it must be large enough. But this will make the lens highly convex, signi­ficantly increasing the amount, and therefore the weight, of the glass required to make it. To avoid this, we can use a Fresnel lens, whose specific shape reduces the thickness of such a lens to just a few millimeters or less,” Sosnicki explains. Due to their much smaller thickness, Fresnel lenses are used in a variety of appli­cations, including car headlights, lighthouses, railroad signals, and even smartphone cameras. “In our research, we developed a temporal equivalent of such a lens, which we call a Fresnel time lens,” Sosnicki goes on to note.

To create a time lens, the researchers took advantage of the electro-optic effect exhibited by some crystals. It allows the refractive index of a crystal, lithium niobate, to be altered, depending on changes in an external electric field applied to it. Using fast electric signals, it is possible to achieve a time-varying optical thickness of the crystal, which then implements the time lens. “This effect has its limi­tations, as excessively high electric field can destroy the crystal. In the technique we developed, we increase the refractive index in stages, similar to a spatial Fresnel lens. This way, we achieve a strong effect without destroying the lens, which, in turn, allows for more extensive modi­fications of quantum light pulses,” explains Karpinski. Such staged operations require the use of ultrafast microwave elec­tronics. “For comparison – high-speed Wi-Fi or 5G networks operate at frequency bands of about 3 to 5 GigaHertz, whereas our signals are more than 7 times faster, with frequencies as high as 35 Gigahertz,” Sosnicki adds.

In further research, the scientists will test interfacing between different types of quantum information processing platforms and increase the photon trans­mission distance. “So far, we have been transferring single photons between devices in one laboratory. Next, we will try to perform such transfers between different buildings and even cities,” adds Michal Karpinski. The work is an important step on the pathway toward creating quantum networks – both small ones, which can be used in a single quantum computer, and vast ones, enabling quantum infor­mation transfer between quantum computers in different parts of the world, thus giving rise to the quantum Internet. (Source: U. Warsaw)

Reference: F. Sośnicki et al.: Interface between picosecond and nanosecond quantum light pulses, Nat. Phot., online 25 May 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01214-z

Link: Quantum Photonics Laboratory, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland