A camera system developed by Carnegie Mellon University researchers can see sound vibrations with such precision and detail that it can reconstruct the music of a single instrument in a band or orchestra. The novel system uses two cameras and a laser to sense high-speed, low-amplitude surface vibrations. These vibrations can be used to reconstruct sound, capturing isolated audio without inference or a microphone. “We've invented a new way to see sound,” said Mark Sheinin, a post-doctoral research associate at the Illumination and Imaging Labora­tory ILIM). “It's a new type of camera system, a new imaging device, that is able to see something invisible to the naked eye.”

The team completed several successful demos of their system's effectiveness in sensing vibrations and the quality of the sound recon­struction. They captured isolated audio of separate guitars playing at the same time and individual speakers playing different music simul­taneously. They analyzed the vibra­tions of a tuning fork, and used the vibrations of a bag of Doritos near a speaker to capture the sound coming from a speaker. This demo pays tribute to prior work done by MIT researchers who developed one of the first visual microphones in 2014. The system dramatically improves upon past attempts to capture sound using computer vision. The team's work uses ordinary cameras that cost a fraction of the high-speed versions employed in past research while producing a higher quality recording. The dual-camera system can capture vibrations from objects in motion, such as the movements of a guitar while a musician plays it, and simul­taneously sense individual sounds from multiple points.

“We've made the optical microphone much more practical and usable,” said Srinivasa Narasimhan, head of the ILIM. “We've made the quality better while bringing the cost down.” The system works by analyzing the differences in speckle patterns from images captured with a rolling shutter and a global shutter. An algorithm computes the difference in the speckle patterns from the two video streams and converts those differences into vibrations to reconstruct the sound. A speckle pattern refers to the way coherent light behaves in space after it is reflected off a rough surface. The team creates the speckle pattern by aiming a laser at the surface of the object producing the vibra­tions, like the body of a guitar. That speckle pattern changes as the surface vibrates. A rolling shutter captures an image by rapidly scanning it, usually from top to bottom, producing the image by stacking one row of pixels on top of another. A global shutter captures an image in a single instance all at once.

“This system pushes the boundary of what can be done with computer vision,” O'Toole said. “This is a new mechanism to capture high speed and tiny vibrations, and presents a new area of research.” Most work in computer vision focuses on training systems to recognize objects or track them through space – research important to advancing techno­logies like auto­nomous vehicles. That this work enables systems to better see imperceptible, high-frequency vibrations opens new appli­cations for computer vision. The team's dual-shutter, optical vibration-sensing system could allow sound engineers to monitor the music of individual instruments free from the interference of the rest of the ensemble to fine tune the overall mix.

Manufacturers could use the system to monitor the vibrations of individual machines on a factory floor to spot early signs of needed main­tenance. “If your car starts to make a weird sound, you know it is time to have it looked at,” Sheinin said. “Now imagine a factory floor full of machines. Our system allows you to monitor the health of each one by sensing their vibra­tions with a single stationary camera.” (Source: Carnegie Mellon)

Reference: M. Sheinin et al.: Dual-Shutter Optical Vibration Sensing, preprint

Link: Illumination and Imaging Laboratory (ILIM), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA